History
Century
World history
February Revolution in France and proclamation of a Republic.
Insurrection in Italy: Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, was defeated by the Austrians.
Insurrection in the German states, Austria and Hungary.
François-Joseph became Emperor of Austria.
Abolition of slavery in the French colonies.
The beginning of the Gold Rush in California (which became a State in 1850).
Swiss history
The foundation of modern Switzerland: a new constitution introduced a federal state with a central government sitting in Bern.
This constitution was revised in 1874 and again in 1978.
Art and Culture
At this halfway point in the century, faith in progress and the need for industrial architecture sparked a variety of styles geared towards functionality.
Karl Marx and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto.
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